The Great Ottoman Empire. History Talk (2) Share. The Siege of Vienna. Flag of the Ottoman Islamic empire. In 1528 the Ottoman war machine had summed up a force of over 150,000 men and began to siege the city of Vienna. The dry summer season meant that the Ottoman army proceeded faster then usual across Hungary, to reach Vienna.
The point of departure of this alternative history is that thenegotiations which resulted in the Austro-Hungarian compromise of 1867failed, and so the Dual Monarchy of Austro-Hungary did not eventuate,butrather Hungary remained simmering under the rule of Austria, whichbecame more militant and aggressive. The Franco-Prussian war of 1870-71still took place, but Austria mobilized (although did not attack), andthe southern German states did not participate. As a consequenceFrance's defeated was less humiliating, and Prussia did not compelsouthern Germany into its Empire until 1875.
When Russia invaded theOttoman Sultanate in 1877, Austria also invaded, taking Bosnia and NoviPazar. Unbridled by Hungarian conservatism, the Austrian army then madea dash to Salonika, to stop expansion by Bulgaria (a Russian client) inOttoman territory. This sparked a war with Russia, which in 1878brought in most of the continental European powers:1. Central powers: Austria, Germany, Greece and Rumania2. Allied powers: Russia, Bulgaria, Ottoman Sultanate, France, and Italy.The Ottoman Sultanate joined the Allied powers because it felt morethreatened by Austria than by Russia. France was seeking to regainAlsace-Lorraine from Germany of course, and Italy was seeking territoryfrom Austria. Although the Central powers advanced on all fronts(except Greece, which was quickly reconquered by the Ottomans withFrench help), they were unable to achieve decisive victories.
Howeverthe Central powers scored major coups in encouraging the Poles (livingmostly in the Russian Empire) to rise in rebellion against the Czar,and in persuading Ismail Pasha, the Khediv of Egypt, to declareindependence from, and then war on, the Ottomans. With Prussianmilitary advisers, Ismail regained the Ottoman territories hisgrandfather (Muhammad Ali) had conquered in the 1830s, and created anEmpire stretching from Tunis to the frontier with Persia, plus Creteand Cyprus. This alarmed the British, who saw it as a threat to theirown Imperial interests. Their entry into the war turned the tideagainst the Central powers.
Warn down by years of war and economicblockade, they sued for peace in 1883.The result of the 1884 Peace of Paris is illustrated, with countrieswhich were not involved left uncoloured. Amongst the allies, thegreatest winners were France and Italy. The Ottoman Sultanate had itsterritories mostly restored in the west (and kept Greece, ending its 50years of independence). But the once Khediv Ismail, now styling himselfSultan Ismail of the Alid dynasty, only had his wings clipped:France took Tunisia and Beirut, Italy took Crete and Tyre, Britain tookCyprus and Jerusalem, and Russia took Armenia. This last compensatedRussia for the loss of its Polish territories. As the greatest loserdespite being on the Allied side, the Ottoman Empire fell into civildisorder.
Eventually the secularist Turks made common cause with theOrthodox Christian leaders to create a modern constitutional monarchy.The Sultan was forced to became merely Emperor, dropping allpretensions to be leader of the Muslim world. The Empire was renamedafter its capital city and one third of the seats in the new diet(whose procedings would be conducted in Turkish and Greek) werereserved for Christians.The map also shows the (mostly accurate) borders in actualhistory in c.1884, resulting fromthe 1878 Treaty of Berlin, which made peace in the Balkansfollowing the Russo-Turkish war of 1877-8, and the Austro-Hungarianoccupation of Bosnia and Novi Pazar in 1878. These were present on theuncoloured map I began with. The colours I have chosen, by the way, arebased on those in the Atlas ofEuropean History 2nd ed. (Times Books, London, 1998) so that Iwould not think too hard about this.
Hearts Failing'1:1322.' 
_Kopie.png/983px-Archipelago_Eyalet%2C_Ottoman_Empire_(1609)_Kopie.png "Alternate")
Episode 463What is Greek music? For our guest Panayotis League, it's no one thing. Rather, it is diversity that defines the many regional musical traditions of Greece and the broader Greek diaspora. In this episode, we discuss League's ethnomusicological research on Greek music in diaspora, and we explore the history and transformation of Ottoman Greek music before and after the exchange of populations between Turkey and Greece. As League explains, Greek music in the Ottoman Empire was inextricably linked to the musical traditions of neighboring Turkish, Armenian, and Sephardic communities.
However, the First World War, the Second Greco-Turkish War, and the exchange of populations that sent the entire Greek Orthodox population of Anatolia to Greece eliminated spaces of intercommunality where Ottoman music thrived. In our conversation, we discuss how the intercommunal music of the Ottoman Empire survived in Greece among exchange. Ottoman History Podcast is anoncommerical website intended for educational use. Anyone is welcome to use and reproduce our content with proper attribution under the terms of noncommercial fair usewithin the classroom setting or on other educational websites.
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